![]() However, the data of the tests were inserted into SPSS software and the ANCOVA test was run to indicate differences between the three groups in terms of their writing improvement. With the help of this software, the textual data were reduced into some statements which could reflect the main ideas of the participants’ lived experiences without any intervention from the researcher. After recording and transcribing the interviews, the transcripts of the interviews were formatted using the software NVIVO 11 Pro®. Data were gathered through Quick Oxford Placement Test (OPT), writing tests, and a semi-structured interview. In the qualitative section, 20 EFL learners were selected through purposive sampling, and in the quantitative section, 120 language students were selected through convenience sampling from a university in Gorgan. To achieve this end, the researcher adopted mixed-method research with a sample of intermediate language students from both genders. It also investigated the effect of metaphor and metonymy on EFL learners' writing achievement. ![]() This study was an endeavor to explore the main sources of EFL learners' writing problems through dialogic interactions.
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May 2023
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